Warming up
1.board n&vt.木板，甲板,膳食費用（blackboard黑板）；上船；坐船，搭乘（公共交通工具）；供膳宿（boarding school 寄宿）
aboard adv.&prep.在船上，在公共交通工具內
2．But whether buses or trains，or boarding aeroplanes，there wasn't a door she'd get through．(P.25)
譯文：但無(wú)論是汽車(chē)還是火車(chē)，還是天上的飛機，都沒(méi)有她能進(jìn)的門(mén)。
“whether...or...”用來(lái)引導讓步狀語(yǔ)，意為“無(wú)論／不管……還……”，此外，還可說(shuō)成：“no matter whether...or...”。or后可接not或與前面意義相反的詞。另外有些省略了whether...or...結構，已經(jīng)成為習語(yǔ)，如：sink or swim，rain or sunshine等。
Whether you go or not，I will go．不管你去還是不去，我都去。
I am going whether it is raining or not．無(wú)論下不下雨，我都要去。
Whether you like or not，you'll have to do it．
無(wú)論你喜歡還是不喜歡，你非做不可。
Whether or not it rains，I'm giving a party tomorrow?不管是否下雨，明天我都要舉辦一個(gè)晚會(huì )。
I'll go，whether you come with me or stay at home． 無(wú)論你跟我來(lái)還是留在家里，我都要走。
Sink or swim，I shall do it．無(wú)論成敗，我都要承擔此事。
The football match will be held，rain or sunshine． 足球賽定期舉行，風(fēng)雨無(wú)阻。
Reading
3.Poetry also calls up all the colours，feelings，experiences and curious images of a dream world．(P.27)詩(shī)歌還能匯集夢(mèng)中世界的一切色彩，感情，經(jīng)歷和各種奇妙的意向。
call up ①ring up；telephone打電話(huà) ②征召……入伍 ③(使)回想起；把召喚回來(lái)
I'll call you up this evening．=I'll telephone you this evening．=I'll ring you up this evening．=I'll give you a call this evening．今晚我給你打電話(huà)。
He was called up in 1999．他于1999年入伍。
This song calls up memory of my childhood．=This song reminds me of my childhood．這首歌使我回想起我的童年。
call短語(yǔ)還有：call for(demand，need要求、需要；來(lái)找某人)，call out(呼喊)，call in(叫……進(jìn)來(lái)；招來(lái))，call on sb.／call at a place(短暫拜訪(fǎng)……)，call back(回電話(huà))。
4. Poems by Du Fu，Li Bai and Wang Wei among others stand out in the halls of Glory．(P.27) 杜甫、李白、王維以及其他詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌兀立在榮光寶殿之上。
stand out[站立→鶴立雞群]v.①突出；引人注目；②杰出；出色。同源詞outstanding形容詞，意為突出的，杰出的，顯著(zhù)的。
The new road sign is easy to read；the words stand out．新路標易辨認，上面的字很醒目。
Among writers in China，LuXun stands out as a real master．在中國作家中，魯迅最為杰出，是一位真正的大師。
an outstanding young musician一位優(yōu)秀的年輕的音樂(lè )家
5. Modern English started around the time of Shakespeare，towards the end of the 16th century．(P.28) 現代英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌開(kāi)始于莎士比亞時(shí)代，即十六世紀末。
time名詞，意為①時(shí)間②(常用復數)時(shí)代。此外還有“次、回、倍”等意思。
What time is it by your watch？你的表幾點(diǎn)了？
Take the medicine three times a day．服此藥一天三次。
The bag is 3 times the size of that one．這個(gè)包大小是那個(gè)包的三倍。
Mao Zedong's time(s)毛澤東時(shí)代
6．Shakespeare is most famous for his plays．(P.25)
譯文：莎士比亞以他的戲劇最為著(zhù)名。
[講解]the most放在多音節形容詞前，意為“最”，是最高級的表達形式。但most前不加the，意為：“非常”，等于“very”。
This is the most difficult book I've ever read． 這是我讀過(guò)的最難的一本書(shū)。
This is a most difficult book． 這是一本很難的書(shū)。(This is a very difficult book．)
7. His sonnets，however，belong to the best English poetry．(P.28)
然而他的十四行詩(shī)是英國詩(shī)歌中的至尊瑰寶。
belong to意為“屬于,不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-to be a member of...；to be connected with...”
The book belongs to me．=I own／have／possess the book． 這本書(shū)是我的。
That lid belongs to the jar．那個(gè)蓋子是配這個(gè)壇子的。
What party do you belong to？你屬于哪個(gè)團體？
8。Chinese readers admire their works because of their use of surprising images that reminds them of the works of poets such as Su Dongpo．(P.28)
中國讀者贊美他們，是因為他們作品中所用的令人驚奇的想像使他們想到像蘇東坡那樣的詩(shī)人的作品。
admire動(dòng)詞“欽佩、贊美、羨慕”-to think of or look at...with pleasure and respect”。
He is always looking in the mirror，admiring himself． 他常常對著(zhù)鏡子自我欣賞。
They admired our garden．他們稱(chēng)贊我們的花園。
I admired him for his success in business．我佩服他事業(yè)有成。
9. Once published，his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line．(P.28) 發(fā)行后，他的詩(shī)作因為行尾不押韻而大獲其名。
absent形容詞①[表語(yǔ)]缺席、不在②[定語(yǔ)]心不在焉的
be absent from + 地點(diǎn)表示“不在某地” be absent in + 地點(diǎn)表示“外出去某地”
be absent from the meeting“缺席”
be absent in...當主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命的名詞時(shí)，意為“沒(méi)有……”
an absent look on his face心不在焉的表情
He is absent in Europe．他現在外出在歐洲。
He is absent from Europe．他現在外出不在歐洲。
He is absent from the meeting．他開(kāi)會(huì )缺席了。
He was absent from his work．他擅離職守。
Snow is absent in some countries．有些國家終年無(wú)雪。
absence名詞，意為“不在、缺席”。
His absence from school is worrying．他一再缺課真令人擔心。
It happened during his absence．事情發(fā)生在他不在時(shí)。
In the absence of the manager，I shall be in charge． 經(jīng)理不在時(shí)，由我負責。
The visitors to Venice notice at once the absence of noise．
去威尼斯的游客馬上會(huì )發(fā)現那里沒(méi)有噪音。
10. Usually remembered for other work than their poetry are eighteenth century poets such as Pope and Johnson．(P.28)
Greatly loved in China，are the English Romantic poets．(P.28)
不是因為詩(shī)，而是因為其他杰作讓人不能忘懷的還有的18世紀的蒲伯和約翰遜等。
英國浪漫主義詩(shī)人深受中國人的喜愛(ài)。
在英語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)為了強調句子某個(gè)成分而進(jìn)行倒裝，有的把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前，有的把過(guò)去分詞提前，有的把現在分詞提前。
① 過(guò)去分詞置于句首。如：
Also discussed was a proposal to reduce the sales tax...也討論了減少銷(xiāo)售稅的建議……(這里倒裝是由于句子主語(yǔ)較長(cháng))
Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．據說(shuō)也考慮在北京舉行。(這里過(guò)去分詞與also連用，全句強調主語(yǔ)performance，倒裝也與上下文銜接有關(guān))
② 現在分詞置于句首。如：
Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．
地球表面上許多地方都布滿(mǎn)水。
Attending the party were 700 students from 15 universities and colleges．
參加晚會(huì )的有來(lái)自15所大專(zhuān)院校的700名學(xué)生。
11. The style and atmosphere in their poems have often led to comparisons with poets such as Du Fu and Li Bai．(P.28)
他們詩(shī)文中的風(fēng)格和氣氛經(jīng)常使人們把他們的詩(shī)作與像杜甫、李白那些詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌相比較。
1)atmosphere名詞，常用單數，意為“大氣層；某一地方的空氣；氣氛、情緒”。
a smoky atmosphere煙霧騰騰
The talk went on in a friendly atmosphere． 會(huì )談在友好的氣氛中進(jìn)行。
There is always an unpleasant atmosphere in the office． 辦公室里總有一種令人不悅的氣氛。
2) comparison名詞意為：相比、對比、對照。常用短語(yǔ)和句型有：by／in comparison with...(與……相比；相比之下)；There is no comparison(between...)(沒(méi)有什么可比性)；bear／stand comparison with sb.／sth.(比得上某人／某事)。
It's useful to make a comparison between two things． 把兩件事情相比是有益的。
By／In comparison with him，you are cleverer．與他相比，你更聰明。
My garden doesn't stand／bear comparison with his． 我的花園比不過(guò)他的。
-Is he as good as her at English？ -There is no comparison(between them)．
--在英語(yǔ)上，他倆誰(shuí)更好？ --他倆根本無(wú)可比性。
12. More and more people are interested to read modern poetry in English．(P.28)
越來(lái)越多的人們對讀英國的現代詩(shī)歌感興趣。
be interested in doing sth.表示感興趣的事情不太具體，是抽象概念；be interested to do sth.表示感興趣的事情很具體。
Are you interested in playing football？你對足球感興趣嗎？
I'd be interested to hear your opinion about this．我到想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)你對這個(gè)事情的看法。
13．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
譯文：讀英文詩(shī)歌還能使你開(kāi)啟一扇大門(mén)，在那兒，你可以找到更新的用漢語(yǔ)表達思想的方法。
[講解]注意本句中to為介詞，介詞to后表示有動(dòng)作的意味時(shí)，該詞用其動(dòng)名詞形式。類(lèi)似的結構還有：be used to doing sth.習慣于做某事；devote...to doing sth把……貢獻給……；contribute...to doing sth把……貢獻給……；look forward to doing sth.盼望做某事。
He is used to getting up early．他已習慣早起床了。
He has contributed himself to serving the people． 他把自己的一切都獻給了為人民服務(wù)上。
He is looking forward to seeing you soon．他正盼望早些見(jiàn)到你。
Post reading
14. Modern English came into being from about the middle of 16th century．(P.28)
come into being(existence)形成、開(kāi)始存在。為不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，所以不可用被動(dòng)；bring...into being(existence)使……形成、存在。
When did the universe first come into being？ 宇宙是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始形成的？
Who brought the new regulation into being？這新規定是誰(shuí)制定的？
15．I started with small poems，but now I most like long poems．(P.31)
開(kāi)始時(shí)，我讀一些小詩(shī)，現在我更愿意讀長(cháng)詩(shī)。
start with意為：“以……開(kāi)始”；start as意為“作為……開(kāi)始、開(kāi)始時(shí)是……”
We started our English learning with ABC． 我們是以學(xué)ABC開(kāi)始我們的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習的。
As a VIP，he started as only a clerk． 作為一名大人物，他開(kāi)始只是一名小職員。
16。Ask your teacher to recommend poems to you．(P.32) 請你的老師為你推薦一些詩(shī)歌。
recommend動(dòng)詞，意為“推薦、介紹、建議”，常用句型為：①recommend sth.／sb.推薦某物／人；②recommend sb. sth.／sb.=recommend sth/sb. to sb.把……推薦／介紹給……；③recommend sb. to do sth.建議某人做某事；④recommend + that從句(that從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略，“建議某人做某事”；⑤recommend sb.／sth. + as／for + 名詞，推薦／介紹……當……
Can you recommend a novel？你能推薦一本小說(shuō)嗎？
The professor recommended me warmly．那位教授熱忱地推薦了我。
The teacher recommended us to read novels in origin． 老師建議我們讀原版小說(shuō)。
They recommended that the match be held in China． 他們建議比賽在中國舉辦。
He recommended Lao Li as an experienced technician．他推薦說(shuō)老李是一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗的技術(shù)員。
She recommended me for the Party membership．她介紹我入黨。
My uncle recommended me to the manager．我叔叔把我介紹給經(jīng)理。
I have been recommended that medicine。有人向我介紹那種藥。
17。Collect your favorite poems in a notebook and ask your friends to contribute to it．(P.32)
把你最喜歡的詩(shī)歌收集在你的筆記本中，讓你的朋友們也往里面增添些新詩(shī)歌。
contribute動(dòng)詞，意為“貢獻、捐(款)、投(稿)、出(力)、起(作用)、分享(=have a share in)”。常用句型有：①contribute sth.②contribute + to-infinitive③contribute sth. to(towards)sth.④contribute to sth.。
Everybody is called to contribute ideas． 要求人人都想辦法出主意。
Low wages and high prices contributed to increase the discontent of the people of that country．低工資、物價(jià)高增加了那個(gè)國家人們的不滿(mǎn)。
He contributed all his time and energy to his work． 他把所有時(shí)間和精力都獻給了工作。
Laziness contributed greatly to his failure． 懶惰是他失敗的最重要的原因。
The fine weather contributed to the success of the expeditions． 好天氣是這次遠征的原因。
用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞
無(wú)論過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)還是現在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都要和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。過(guò)去分詞與主句的主語(yǔ)應是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過(guò)去分詞通常相當于狀語(yǔ)從句。
1)表時(shí)間
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加熱后，這種金屬會(huì )膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．這對夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個(gè)嬰兒。
像第二句那樣當強調實(shí)踐概念時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞之前可用連詞when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一驚，一時(shí)說(shuō)不出話(huà)來(lái)。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老師責備，而憤憤不平。
3)表讓步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀請，我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們仍然繼續戰斗。
4)表伴隨
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他兩眼瞪著(zhù)我，驚恐萬(wàn)狀。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．愛(ài)因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。